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RF-O2熒光光纖氧氣測量技術——氧氣測量全面解決方案

    RF-O2熒光光纖氧氣測量技術是基于REDFLASH光極傳感器技術的氧氣測量技術，由歐洲Pyroscience公司及Graz大學等科學家研制生產，由光極氧氣傳感器、測量儀及軟件組成，廣泛應用于環境科學、生態科學、植物科學、動物科學、海洋科學、生物醫學、生物技術、食品科學等各個領域，其主要功能特點如下

1. REDFLASH光極氧氣傳感器技術，高精確度、高穩定性、高時空解析度、低能耗、無耗氧、無交叉敏感性
2. 傳感器類型靈活多樣，有探頭式、探針式、非接觸式（sensor spot）及納米微粒式等，適應于液體和氣體不同條件下的O2測量
3. 有內置sensor spot的流通管和呼吸瓶，非接觸式測量流動液體的溶解氧及呼吸瓶內液體或氣體中氧氣含量
4. 輕便緊湊型FireStingO2測量儀，內置水汽、氣壓傳感器，有1、2、4通道供選配，可分別接1個、2個、4個光極氧氣傳感器，另有Mini型FireStingO2-mini供選配
5. U盤式PiccolO2測量儀——世界上zui小的O2測量儀，可連接一個O2傳感器，USB口連接電腦，即插即用

測量原理：

    REDFLASH光極O2傳感器技術，利用*的O2敏感REDFLASH指示劑，通過610-630nm調制紅光激發，REDFLASH指示劑發出760-790nm紅外熒光，熒光強度隨接觸的O2分子濃度升高而發生熒光淬滅，這種熒光動態通過光纖傳輸到測量儀，測量儀靈敏地檢測其相位漂移并據此換算成O2濃度

應用領域：

1. 水體溶解氧測量監測、藻類及藻類生物膜光合作用與呼吸作用測量監測
2. 植物光合作用與呼吸作用測量監測
3. 水生動物（魚類、水生昆蟲等無脊椎動物、浮游動物等呼吸代謝測量
4. 陸生動物、實驗動物、動物組織、血液等呼吸代謝測量
5. 土壤、濕地、海洋沉積、河湖沉積剖面O2測量
6. 生物反應器、發酵過程、酶動力學、細胞培養等O2測量監測
7. 糧食食品儲運、葡萄酒等O2測量監測
8. 污水處理、沼氣、垃圾填埋場、有機物降解等O2測量監測

技術指標：

1. FireStingO2（FSO2）測量儀：
   1. 有1通道、2通道、4通道可供選配，分別可接1個、2個和4個O2傳感器，可并聯組成8通道甚至更多通道；另具備一個溫度傳感器通道（可選配4通道溫度傳感器）
   2. 激發光源620nm，監測器760nm（NIR）
   3. 采樣頻率：每秒4次
   4. 內置氣壓傳感器，300－1100mbar，0.06mbar分辨率，精確度±3mbar
   5. 內置濕度傳感器，0－100%，分辨率0.04%，精確度±0.2%
   6. 內置溫度傳感器，-40－125°C，分辨率0.01°C，精確度±0.3°C
   7. 具模擬輸出和自動模式，0－2.5VDC
   8. USB接口，通過USB口PC供電
   9. 大小：68x120x30mm，重350g
2. PiccolO2 U盤式測量儀：大小僅15x15x54mm，重量約20g，單通道，激發光620nm，檢測器760nm，采樣頻率每秒20次。可并聯組成多通道測量系統。可通過PiccoTHP測量溫濕度和氣壓并進行補償

1. 探頭式O2傳感器：直徑3mm，測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui低使用壽命1千萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）
2. 探針式O2傳感器：有固定探針式、可伸縮探針式、尖頭式及圓頭式等不同類型供選配；探針直徑有50μm、230μm、430μm等規格；測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui快響應時間小于1s（與探針粗細有關），zui低使用壽命1百萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）

1. 非接觸式（sensor spot）O2傳感器（見下左圖）：用于非接觸性測量監測透明容器中的氧氣含量，傳感器貼用硅膠等貼附在容器內壁，通過固定在外壁的光纖將熒光動態信號傳輸到測量儀以檢測O2濃度；測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui低使用壽命2千萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）

1. 納米微粒傳感器（參見上右圖）：納米技術，用于非接觸性測量微量液體中O2含量，即時響應，測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）
2. 流通管：內置非接觸式O2傳感器，用于流動液體O2測量監測（如魚類呼吸代謝測量等），測量范圍0-50%（0-23mg/l）（可選配其它范圍），檢測極限0.02%（0.01mg/l），分辨率0.05%（0.025mg/l）@20% O2，精確度±0.2％（0.1mg/l）@20% O2，zui低使用壽命1千萬數據點，存儲時間大于3年（室溫暗處儲放）
3. 呼吸瓶：內置非接觸式O2傳感器，用于生物呼吸測量（如藻類、小型魚類、魚卵、昆蟲等），標準配置有4ml和20ml兩種規格
4. Pyro Oxygen Logger軟件用于參數設置、校準、數據顯示包括圖表顯示、數據輸出等功能

應用案例：

案例1：法國Bordeaux大學利用FSO2 4通道熒光光纖氧氣測量儀，對Aquitaine海岸沉積樣芯耗氧進行了測量分析，以研究海洋底棲動物活動（bioirrigation）對海岸帶生態系統生態過程及生物地理化學功能（如沉積有機物的再礦化）的影響。

案例2：芬蘭Turku大學利用FSO2和430μm光極氧探針，對南瓜類囊體懸浮液光合放氧進行了測量分析。

案例3：美國Woods Hole海洋學研究所，利用RF-O2非接觸式光極氧氣傳感器（sensor spot），對海洋無脊椎動物呼吸代謝進行了測量分析，以研究其固有的生物鐘與環境脅迫的關系，這些海洋無脊椎動物體重只有0.5－50mg。圖中為翼足類軟體動物在不同濃度CO2條件下的耗氧率。

案例4：澳大利亞海洋科學研究所、瑞典Gothenburg大學等組成的科學小組，利用Pyroscience的REDFLASH氧氣測量技術，對河鱸（Perca fluviatilis）呼吸代謝進行測量分析，以研究其熱耐受性和適應性的生理機制。他們選擇波羅的海核電站附近的一個瀉湖，核電站排出的熱水進入該瀉湖，在過去30年大量魚類因為不適應水溫升高而滅絕，但河鱸卻得以繁盛，該地成為理想的研究氣候變暖對魚類種群影響的“天然實驗室”。他們測量河鱸呼吸代謝率的同時，還測量其靜脈血液在溫度升高狀態下的氧分壓，靜脈血是河鱸心臟供氧的主要來源，高溫條件下靜脈血氧氣含量被認為是其心臟功能的重要限制因子。

案例5：德國Ulm大學利用FSO2測量儀和50μm可伸縮式RFO2探針，對患者腦脊髓液（CSF）樣品溶解氧進行測量分析，以研究探討神經紊亂及神經炎等疾病的生理和診斷。

案例6：德國農業科學與景觀研究機構，利用FSO2測量儀和RFO2探針，對土壤氧氣進行測量，以評估不同種類蚯蚓在低氧條件下對土壤改良的效率。

案例7：西班牙Valladolid大學利用RFO2熒光光纖氧氣測量技術，監測葡萄酒橡木桶O2吸收——對葡萄酒品質至關重要但一直以來缺乏科學的了解。葡萄酒在橡木桶內（3－24個月）的過程溶解氧至關重要，因為O2調節了葡萄酒整個的熟化過程。

近期部分參考文獻：

2015

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3.          Efficient gas–liquid contact using microfluidic membrane devices with staggered herringbone mixers. Femmer et al., 2015, Lab on a Chip: DOI: 10.1039/C5LC00428D

4.          Three-dimensional structure and cyanobacterial activity within a desert biological soil crust?Raanan et al., 2015, Environ Microbiol: doi:10.1111/1462-2920.12859

5.          Photoacoustic lifetime imaging for direct in vivo tissue oxygen monitoring?Shao, Q. & Ashkenazi, S., 2015, J Biomed Optics 20(3): doi:10.1117/1.JBO.20.3.036004

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7.          Increased gastrointestinal blood flow: An essential circulatory modification for euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) migrating to sea?Brijs et al., 2015, Scientific Reports 5, Article number:10430: doi:10.1038/srep10430

8.          Not so monofunctional—a case of thermostable Thermobifida fusca catalase with peroxidase activity?Loncar, N. & Fraaije, M.W., 2015, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Vol 99 (5): 2225-2232

9.          An Assessment of the Precision and Confidence of Aquatic Eddy Correlation Measurements?Donis et al., 2015, J Atmos Oceanic Technol 32 (3): 642–655

10.      Pharmaceuticals and personal care products alter growth and function in lentic biofilms?Shaw et al., 2015, Environ Chem 12(3): 301-306

11.      Futile cycling increases sensitivity toward oxidative stress in Escherichia coli. Adolfsen K.J & Brynildsen M.P., 2015, Metabolic Engin Vol 29: 26-35

12.      Accumulation of Basic Amino Acids at Mitochondria Dictates the Cytotoxicity of Aberrant Ubiquitin?Braun et al., 2015, Cell Reports Vol 10 (9): 1557-1571

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2014

1.          Ocean acidification rapidly reduces dinitrogen fixation associated with the hermatypic coral Seriatopora hystrix. Rädecker et al., 2014, Mar Ecol Progr Ser Vol 511: 297-302

2.          All puffed out: do pufferfish hold their breath while inflated??McGee, G.E. & Clark, T.D., 2014, Biol Lett Vol 10: 20140823

3.          Spectral Effects on Symbiodinium Photobiology Studied with a Programmable Light Engine. Wangpraseurt et al., 2014, PLOS One 9: e112809.

4.          The energetic cost of foraging explains growth anomalies in tadpoles exposed to predators?Barry, M.J., 2014, Physiol Biochem Zool Vol 87: 829-836

5.          A product of its environment: the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) exhibits physiological tolerance to elevated environmental CO2?Heinrich et al., 2014, Conserv Physiol Vol 2 (1): doi: 10.1093/conphys/cou047

6.          Oxygen-Dependent Control of Respiratory Nitrate Reduction in Mycelium of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2).?Fischer et al., 2014, J Bacteriol Vol 196 (23): 4152-4162

7.          A respiratory nitrate reductase active exclusively in resting spores of the obligate aerobe Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)?Fischer et al., 2014, Mol Microbiol Vol 89 (6):1259-73

8.          Growth trajectory influences temperature preference in fish through an effect on metabolic rate?Killen, S., 2014, J Animal Ecol Vol 83 (6): 1513-1522

9.          Colored ceramic foams with tailored pore size and surface functionalization used as spawning plates for fish breeding?Kroll et al., 2014, Ceramics International Vol. 40 (10): 15763-15773

10.      Aerobic scope predicts dominance during early life in a tropical damselfish?Killen et al., 2014, Functional Ecol Vol 28 (6): 1367-1376

11.      European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, in a changing ocean?Pope et al., 2014, Biogeosciences Vol 11: 2519-2530

12.      Marine rust tubercles harbour iron corroding archaea and sulphate reducing bacteria?Usher et al., 2014, Corrosion Science Vol 83: 189-197

13.      Magnetic optical sensor particles: a flexible analytical tool for microfluidic devices. Ungerböck et al., 2014, Analyst Vol 139: 2551-2559

14.      Investigation and correction of the interference of ethanol, sugar and phenols on dissolved oxygen measurement in wine?Alamo-Sanza et al., 2014, Anal Chim Acta Vol 809: 162-173

15.      Bioresponsive polymers for the detection of bacterial contaminations in plaet concentrates?Gamerith et al., 2014, New Biotechnol Vol 31 (2): 150-155

16.      Life on the edge: thermal optima for aerobic scope of equatorial reef fishes are close to current day temperatures?Rummer & Couturier, 2014, Global Change Biol Vol 20 (4): 1055-1066

17.      The effect of diel temperature and light cycles on the growth of Nannochloropsis oculata in a photobioreactor matrix. Tamburic et al., 2014, PLOS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086047

18.      Radiative energy budget reveals high photosynthetic efficiency in symbiont-bearing corals?Brodersen et al., 2014, J R Soc Interface Vol 11 (93), DOI: 10.1098/ rsif.2013.0997

19.      The isotope effect of denitrification in permeable sediments. Kessler et al., 2014, Geochim Cosmochim Acta Vol 133: 156-167

20.      Discovery and characterization of a 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural oxidase from Methylovorus sp. Strain MP688?Dijkman & Fraaije, 2014, Appl Environ Microbiol Vol 80 (3): 1082-1090

21.      Amperometric glucose sensing with polyaniline/poly(acrylic acid) composite film bearing covalently-immobilized glucose oxidase: A novel method combining enzymatic glucose oxidation and cathodic O2 reduction. Homma et al., 2014, J Electroanal Chem Vol 712: 119-123

22.      C*tion and isolation of N2-fixing bacteria from suboxic waters in the Baltic Sea?Bentzon-Tilia et al., 2014, FEMS Microbiol Ecol Vol 88 (2): 358-371

23.      Coenzyme regeneration catalyzed by NADH oxidase from Lactococcus lactis. Sudar et al., 2014, Biochem Engin J Vol 88: 12-18

24.      Temporary storage or permanent removal? The division of nitrogen between biotic assimilation and denitrification in stormwater biofiltration systems?Payne et al., 2014, PLOS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090890

25.      Increased rates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) under oxic conditions in a periodically hypoxic estuary?Roberts et al., 2014, Geochim Cosmochim Acta Vol 133: 313-324

26.      Compartmentalized microbial composition, oxygen gradients and nitrogen fixation in the gut of Odontotaenius disjunctus. Ceja-Navarro et al., 2014, The ISME J Vol 8: 6-18

27.      Optimum temperatures for growth and feed conversion in cultured hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) – Is there a link to aerobic metabolic scope and final temperature preference??Khan et al., 2014, Aquaculture Vol 430: 107-113

28.      Aerobic scope does not predict the performance of a tropical eurythermal fish at elevated temperatures?Norin et al., 2014, J Exp Biol Vol 217: 244-251

29.      Aquatic Eddy Correlation: Quantifying the Artificial Flux Caused by Stirring-Sensitive O2 Sensors?Holtappels et al., 2015, PLoS ONE 10(1):e0116564. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116564

30.      Decreased light availability can amplify negative impacts of ocean acidification on calcifying coral reef organisms?Vogel et al., 2015, Mar Ecol Progr Ser Vol 521: 49-61

31.      Physiological and ecological performance differs in four coral taxa at a volcanic carbon dioxide seep?Strahl et al., 2015, Comp Biochem Physiol, Part A Vol 184: 179-186

32.      Novel use of a micro-optode in overcoming the negative influence of the amperometric micro-probe on localized corrosion measurements?Taryba et al., 2015, Corrosion Science, accepted

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